Evidence library
Please find below a list of the key publications supporting the case for potassium-enriched salt. For a more comprehensive list, click here or to return to the main page click here.
Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death.
New England Journal of Medicine, 2021
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa2105675
Salt substitution and salt-supply restriction for lowering blood pressure in elderly care facilities: a cluster-randomized trial.
Nature Medicine, 2023
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02286-8
Effects of salt substitutes on clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Heart 2022
https://heart.bmj.com/content/108/20/1608.long
Effects of a reduced-sodium added-potassium salt substitute on blood pressure in rural Indian hypertensive patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522003185
Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese. A randomized, controlled trial
Journal of Hypertension, 2007
https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282b9714b
Effect of salt substitution on ambulatory blood pressure, kidney function and inflammation in middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients
Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2024
https://www.imrpress.com/journal/RCM/25/5/10.31083/j.rcm2505158/htm
Using a low-sodium, high-potassium salt substitute to reduce blood pressure among Tibetans with high blood pressure: a patient-blinded randomized controlled trial
PLOS One, 2014
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110131
Intake of low sodium salt substitute for 3years attenuates the increase in blood pressure in a rural population of North China — A randomized controlled trial
International Journal of Cardiology, 2016
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.073
Effects of salt substitutes on clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Heart, 2022
https://heart.bmj.com/content/108/20/1608.long
Effectiveness of salt substitute on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis,
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 2022
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jch.14562
Replacing salt with low‐sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) for cardiovascular health in adults, children and pregnant women.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2022
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD015207/full
Long-Term Effect of Salt Substitution for Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2024
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-2626
Perspective: Switching the world’s salt supply – learning from iodization to achieve potassium enrichment
Advances in Nutrition 2023
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831323014321
Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitution as a Population Strategy to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension 2022
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19248
The best of ‘best buys’: public health values of potassium-enriched salt substitute
Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 2024
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14779072.2024.2349105
Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitution as a Population Strategy to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease
Hypertension, 2022
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19248
Core strategies to increase the uptake and use of potassium-enriched low-sodium salt
Nutrients, 2021
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/9/3203
A salty odyssey: a potassium-enriched journey inspired by Don Quijote
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2024
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M24-0860
The Guidelines for use and promotion of low sodium salt in China
Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2024
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jebm.12621
National Initiatives on Salt Substitutes: Scoping Review
JMIR Public Health Surveillance 2023
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10692885/
Implementation of a salt substitute intervention using social marketing in resourced-limited communities in Peru: a process evaluation study
Frontiers in Public Health, 2023
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1068624
Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Reduced- Sodium Salts as a Population-Level Intervention: A Qualitative Study
Nutrients, 2021
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/9/3225
Potassium-enriched salt for patients with hypertension: a Hypertension Australia and National Hypertension Taskforce of Australia Position Statement https://journals.lww.com/jhypertension/fulltext/2026/01000/potassium_enriched_salt_for_patients_with.1.aspx
AHA/ACC/AANP/AAPA/ABC/ACCP/ACPM/AGS/AMA/ASPC/NMA/PCNA/SGIM Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines 2025
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000249
Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes: A Review of Recommendations in Clinical Management Guidelines
Hypertension 2024
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21343
Salt substitute recommendations for heart failure patients may influence guideline-directed medical therapies titration
ESC Heart Failure, 2024
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ehf2.14706
Estimated benefits and risks of using a reduced-sodium, potassium-enriched salt substitute in India: a modeling study
Hypertension 2022
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19072
The Proportion of Dietary Salt Replaced With Potassium-Enriched Salt in the SSaSS: Implications for Scale-Up
Hypertension, 2023
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20115
Secondary Analysis of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS): Effects of Potassium-Enriched Salt on
Cardiac Outcomes
Hypertension, 2024
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.22410
The contribution of sodium reduction and potassium increase to the blood pressure lowering observed in the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study
Journal of Human Hypertension, 2024
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-024-00896-4
Estimated population wide benefits and risks in China of lowering sodium through potassium enriched salt substitution: modelling study
BMJ, 2020
https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m824.abstract
Cost-Effectiveness of a Household Salt Substitution Intervention: Findings From 20 995 Participants of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study
Circulation 2022
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059573
The cost-effectiveness of government actions to reduce sodium intake through salt substitutes in Vietnam
Archives of Public Health, 2021
https://archpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13690-021-00540-4
Cost-Effectiveness of Salt Substitute and Salt Supply Restriction in Eldercare Facilities: The DECIDE-Salt
Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial
JAMA Network Open, 2024
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55564
Availability, Formulation, Labeling, and Price of Low-sodium Salt Worldwide: Environmental Scan.
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 2021
https://publichealth.jmir.org/2021/7/e27423/
The potential for current sodium and potassium production to support a global switch to the use of potassium-enriched salt: a desktop research study
Public Health Nutrition, 2024
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980024000922
The use of salt substitutes to replace sodium chloride in food products: a review
International Journal of Food Science and
Technology, 2022
https://ifst.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijfs.16075
Salt reduction and replacers in food production
Strategies to Improve the Quality of Foods, 2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15346-4.00003-3
Challenges to reduce or replace NaCl by chloride salts in meat products made from whole pieces – a
review
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2020
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2020.1774495
Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to reduced-sodium salt: a systematic review | Journal of Human Hypertension
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-025-01098-2
Awareness and Availability of Low Sodium Iodized Salt: Results from Formative Research of Promoting Uptake of Low SodiUm Iodized Salt by Rural and Urban HousehoLds in India—The PLURAL Study
Nutrients, 2024
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/1/130/review_report
Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to dietary salt intake and the acceptability of salt substitute among the Australian culturally and linguistically diverse community: An online survey.
The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 2024
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jch.14802
Comparing a range of potassium-enriched low sodium salt substitutes to common salt: results of
taste and visual tests in South African adults
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2023
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2023.12.015
Factors associated with the use of a salt substitute in rural China
JAMA Network Open, 2021
https://doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.37745
Awareness and use of low-sodium salt substitutes and its impact on 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretion in China - a cross-sectional study
Nutrients, 2023
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/13/3000
Salt reduction and low-sodium salt substitutes: awareness among health-care providers in
Mangalore, Karnataka
Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 2018
https://europepmc.org/article/med/30662177
Potassium-enriched salt substitutes: supporting global cardiovascular and kidney health - The Lancet Global Health
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(25)00235-9/fulltext
Risks of Hyperkalemia With Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitute Among Patients Using Concomitant Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study - PubMed
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41183166/
Global report on hypertension 2025
https://www.who.int/publications/b/81068
Use of lower-sodium salt substitutes: WHO guideline https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240105591