@article{21332,
  author = {Lam T. and Huxley R. and Fang X. and Murakami Y. and Woodward Mark and Barzi F. and Suh I. and Batty G. and Webster R. and Rodgers A},
  title = {The association between resting heart rate, cardiovascular disease and mortality: evidence from 112,680 men and women in 12 cohorts},
  abstract = {<p>
BACKGROUND: Multiple studies have examined the relationship between heart rate and mortality; however, there are discrepancies in results. Our aim was to describe the relationship between resting heart rate (RHR) and both major cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, as well as all-cause mortality in the Asia-Pacific region. DESIGN AND METHODS: Individual data from 112,680 subjects in 12 cohort studies were pooled and analysed using Cox models, stratified by study and sex, and adjusted for age and systolic blood pressure. RESULTS: During a mean 7.4 years follow-up, 6086 deaths and 2726 fatal or nonfatal CV events were recorded. There was a continuous, increasing association between having a RHR above approximately 65 beats/min and the risk of both CV and all-cause mortality, yet there was no evidence of associations below this threshold. The hazard ratio (95% CI) comparing the extreme quarters of RHR (80+ v &lt;65 beats/min) was 1.44 (1.29-1.60) for CV and 1.54 (1.43-1.66) for total mortality. These associations were not materially changed by adjustment for other risk factors and exclusion of the first 2 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios of a similar magnitude were found for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, but the hazard ratio for heart failure was higher (2.08, 95% CI 1.07-4.06) and for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) was lower (1.11, 95% CI 0.93-1.31) than for stroke. CONCLUSIONS: RHR of above 65 beats/min has a strong independent effect on premature mortality and stroke, but a lesser effect on CHD. Lifestyle and pharmaceutical regimens to reduce RHR may be beneficial for people with moderate to high levels of RHR.
</p>
},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {European Journal of Preventive Cardiology},
  volume = {21},
  edition = {2012/06/22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {719-726},
  month = {30006730915},
  isbn = {2047-4881 (Electronic)<br/>2047-4873 (Linking)},
  note = {Woodward, Mark<br/>Webster, Ruth<br/>Murakami, Yoshitaka<br/>Barzi, Federica<br/>Lam, Tai-Hing<br/>Fang, Xianghua<br/>Suh, Il<br/>Batty, G David<br/>Huxley, Rachel<br/>Rodgers, Anthony<br/>(from the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration)<br/>Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012 Jun 20;21(6):719-726.},
  language = {Eng},
}